COVID-19 Vaccination in Paediatric Population of India: Current Status, Trends, Challenges and Recommendations

Paediatric population is the high-risk segment for the infection of COVID-19 due to weak immune status and low compliance to COVID-19 prevention protocols. The first dose of vaccination for the paediatric population is started in the fifth phase of vaccination, after the vaccination was administered to health workers, elderly individuals, and young adults. Present article aims to analyse the status, trends, and challenges in the implementation of the paediatric vaccination for COVID-19 and provide recommendations that could be taken under consideration by healthcare authorities while designing the second and third vaccination protocols for the paediatric population. Relevant articles published by various journals related to paediatric COVID-19 vaccination were searched from the different databases and analysed for the current status of vaccination, trends, challenges, compliance level, implementation hurdles, and other relevant information. Limited research is available in the paediatric domain for the COVID-19 vaccination. Few vaccines are approved for the paediatric population in India, including the Covaxin, ZyCoV-D, Corbevax and Covovax. It is recommended that the vaccination trials should be accelerated by the government agencies to make COVID vaccines available from other indigenous manufacturers. It is also recommended that the COVID-19 prevention protocol should be made in such a manner that children find that interesting and like to follow them.Copyright © The Author(s) 2023.

A Comprehensive Study to Analyze Trends in Web Search Interests Related to Fall Detection Before and After COVID-19

Falls, considered a serious health-related concern for the elderly people, are associated with multiple diverse and dynamic needs for the elderly people themselves, their caregivers, their family members, and healthcare professionals. The modern-day Internet of Everything lifestyle is characterized by people using the internet for a multitude of reasons which also includes seeking and sharing information related to such needs. Such activity on the internet results in the generation of tremendous amounts of web behavior-based Big Data which can be studied and analyzed to investigate the trends in the underlining needs and the associated web search interests. The COVID-19 pandemic that the world is facing right now has impacted the elderly population to a significant extent. In fact, the elderly population is considered a demographic group that is most likely to get infected by this virus and develop serious symptoms, which could lead to hospitalizations and death. There hasn't been any study conducted in the field of aging research thus far that investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic may or may not have impacted the needs related to fall detection in the elderly. This work aims to address this research challenge. A dedicated methodology based on Google Trends is proposed in this paper that studies the web behavior-based Big Data related to fall detection from different countries both before and after the pandemic. The preliminary results presented from the analysis of the web behavior-based Big Data from 14 countries - USA, India, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, South Africa, Canada, Philippines, Sweden, and Ireland, which are amongst the countries worst hit by COVID-19, shows evidence that the pandemic had an impact towards increasing the web search interests related to fall detection in multiple countries. © 2022 ACM.

IoHT-based mass surveillance in smart cities to prevent the spread of pandemics

Healthcare IoT (Internet of Things) is an emerging technology that eases human life by connecting smart devices and feeding us valuable data. It plays a valuable role in healthcare applications (IoHT- Internet of Health Things) by providing precise monitoring, real-time data feedback, and remote diagnosis. IoHT (Internet of Health Things), when connected to a wide-area connection system like a smart city, will be an advancement in the healthcare and lifestyle of people in this catastrophic period of the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The data gathered by IoHT devices is uploaded to the control and healthcare server, where the data is analyzed to prevent the communication of disease and to improvise the city's functioning, hence making the city a smart city to deal with this situation efficiently. In this paper, we will try to work on the IoHT-based system for surveillance of smart cities during pandemics. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

IoT-based systems for COVID-19 like pandemic screening

Healthcare worldwide is experiencing significant change. Concerns at soaring healthcare costs, effective care of chronically sick and rural patients, and the necessity for early discovery of diseases have all resulted in the noticeable change in IoT designs and their rapid acceptance over the last few years. The healthcare industry continues to lead the way in adopting and using information and communication technologies (ICT) for effective healthcare management and treatment. Recent advances in ICT and the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up new opportunities for research and research in all fields, including medicine and healthcare. The Internet of Things creates smart objects, an essential building block in developing health information systems. This paper will look at the various challenges of IoT-based health services and determine how we can contribute to economic development and society in preventive care from covid-19. It also explores intelligent collaborative security models to minimize security risks and discusses how various innovations such as big data, environmental intelligence, and wearable devices can be used in healthcare environments. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Role of wild fruits in combating COVID-19 infection: An overview

COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-COV-2 virus was the reason for the pandemic and loss of many lives. The virus transmission from human-to-human touch led to outbreaks of this disease. World health organization has recommended a list of precautionary measures to avoid the major infection of this virus. This list includes various medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables which can boost the immunity and help in reducing the risk of infection. Due to this COVID-19, the food habits of most of the people changed which led to shift towards healthier lifestyle. As most of the Indian population is vegetarian, so the health based plant food including wild plant sources have been explored extensively. The wild fruits like bael, aonla, jamun, rubus, aakhe, simul and many more have the antiviral properties and immune boosting properties which could be incorporated in our diet. The bioactive compounds like polyphenolics, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, vitamins, minerals, etc., present in above mentioned wild fruits can be utilized to have healthful benefits. As these functional components can help in reducing various diseases like asthma, bronchitis, cold, fever, flu, inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and ultimately boost up the immunity to cope up with COVID-19 illness.

The negative impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions, morbidity and 30-day mortality for acute cirrhosis decompensation: a tertiary care perspective

Background and aims: The global pandemic has inevitably diverted resources away from management of chronic diseases, including cirrhosis, where up to 40% of patients are readmitted with new cirrhosis decompensation events. Whilst there is increasing knowledge on COVID-19 infection in liver cirrhosis, little is described on the impact of the pandemic on decompensated cirrhosis admissions and outcomes, which was the aim of this study. Method: A single-centre, retrospective study, evaluated decompensated cirrhosis admissions to a tertiary London hepatology and transplantation centre, from October 2018 to February 2021. Patients were included if they had an admission with cirrhosis decompensation defined as new onset jaundice or ascites, infection, encephalopathy, portal hypertensive bleeding or renal dysfunction. Admissions were excluded if they lasted <24 hours,were elective or occurred post liver-transplant. Results: Therewere 351 admissions in the pre-COVID period (October 2018 to February 2020) and 240 admissions during the COVID period (March 2020 to February 2021), with an average of 20.4 admissions per month throughout. Patients transferred in from secondary centres had consistently higher severity scores during the COVID period (UKELD 58 versus 54;p = 0.007, MELD Na 22 versus 18;p = 0.006, AD score 55.0 versus 51.0;p = 0.055). The proportion of ITU admissions pre versus during-COVID stayed constant (22.9% versus 19.2%), but there was a trend towards increased ICU admissions with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (73.9% versus 63.8% prepandemic). Of those admitted to the intensive care without ACLF, there was a significant increase in EF-CLIF acute decompensation (AD) scores during the COVID period (58 versus 48, p = 0.009). In addition, there was a trend towards increased hospital re-admission rates during the COVID period (29.5% versus 21.5%, p = 0.067). When censored at 30 days, time to death post discharge was significantly reduced during the COVID period (p < 0.05) with a median time to death of 35 days compared to 62 days pre-COVID.(Figure Presented)Conclusion: This study provides a unique perspective on the impact that the global pandemic had on the clinical course and characteristics of decompensated cirrhosis admissions. The findings of increased early mortality and re-admissions, and higher AD scores, indicating increased disease morbidity, highlight the need to maintain resourcing on providing high-level hepatology care. Given that COVID-19 will likely be a chronic issue, alternative care pathways such as remote monitoring may need adoption to facilitate continuity of care post-discharge and to reduce readmission rates and morbidity in the future

A review on microgreens as an emerging food for health benefits

Microgreens became evident specialty food product that attains quality and higher attention these days. Young foliaged greens are relished as a delicacy for its color, crunchiness and flavor. Microgreens are a novel category of wholesome vegetables which can be harvested after the emergence of primary leaves. Microgreens have fresh aroma and used as freshly made ingredients. By and large, they are used as salads and garnishing for wide variety of dishes. These microgreens have high nutritional value as it contains ample amount of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and nourishes the human health. Generally, cultivated microgreens are peas, kale, beets, radish, sunflower and arugula. However, they ordinarily enclose a quick fundamental measure because of speedy product deterioration. On examination, microgreens and mature greens, microgreens were the richest sources of water-soluble vitamin and zinc, which are suggested to spice up the immunity of the body throughout the current state of affairs of COVID-19 threat. Hence, these could also be observed as natural supplements. This paper aims to furnish an outline of the organic process facts, their comparison with sprouts, potential bioactive compounds, and cultivation, harvesting, and promoting of microgreens at the side of their future perspective.

Revisiting the ROSE Trial - Why Did Participants with ARDS Identified as Hispanic/Latino Have Lower Mortality When Randomized to Receive Early Neuromuscular Blockade?

Rationale: The ROSE trial was a multicenter unblinded randomized clinical trial comparing early neuromuscular blockade (NMB) to usual care in patients with moderate to severe ARDS (NEJM 2019). This trial (n=1006) was stopped early for futility yet a subgroup analysis found that among Hispanic/Latino participants the NMB intervention group had a significantly lower mortality (32%) compared to those in the control group (53.7% p=0.02 for interaction). To evaluate potential contributors to these differences we compared baseline clinical and biological characteristics among Hispanic/Latino participants in the intervention vs control group. Methods: We compared demographics primary ARDS risk factor illness severity ventilatory parameters comorbidities and plasma biomarkers at baseline between the NMB intervention and control group for all 118 Hispanic/Latino patients recruited to the ROSE trial (11.6% of the trial population). We used multiple logistic regression to examine whether the mortality difference by treatment group would persist after controlling for the factors that differed significantly between groups. Results: At baseline Hispanic/Latino participants randomized to the control group had greater disease severity scores (APACHE III SOFA;p<0.05 for both) and a higher prevalence of shock (p=0.01) compared to those randomized to the intervention. There were no significant differences between groups in causes of lung injury or baseline ventilatory parameters. In an unadjusted logistic regression model the NMB intervention was significantly associated with mortality (OR 0.42;95%CI 0.20-0.89 p=0.02). The NMB intervention was no longer significantly associated with mortality when adjusting for severity of by illness by either SOFA score (OR 0.53;95%CI 0.24-1.20 p=0.13), APACHE III (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.20- 1.30 p=0.16) or shock as defined by the need for vasopressors (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.22-1.03, p=0.06). Hispanic/Latino participants in the control group had significantly higher interleukin-8 (p=0.02) and lower bicarbonate (p=0.045) than those in the intervention group. Conclusion: Together these clinical and biomarker data support the conclusion that the lower mortality associated with NMB in the Hispanic/Latino subgroup may have been partially due to baseline imbalances in systemic severity of illness. This finding underscores the need to cautiously interpret apparent treatment benefits within small subgroups. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted ethnic and racial disparities in ARDS. Future trials will benefit from increased representation of populations that are disproportionately affected to minimize the impact of spurious findings related to small sample sizes while creating more statistical power to prospectively address disparities.

Sustainable chemical preventive models in COVID-19: Understanding, innovation, adaptations, and impact

COVID-19 is considered as a major public health problem caused by the SARS CoV-2. This Viral infection is known to induce worldwide pandemic in short period of time. Emerging evidence suggested that the transmission control and drug therapy may influence the preventive measures extensively as the host surrounding environment and pathogenic mechanism may contribute to the pandemic condition earlier in COVID-19 disease. Although, several animals identified as reservoir to date, however human-to-human transmission is well documented. Human beings are sustaining the virus in the communities and act as an amplifier of the virus. Human activities i.e., living with the patient, touching patient waste etc. in the surrounding of active patients or asymptomatic persons cause significant risk factors for transmission. On the other hand, drug target and mechanism to destroy the virus or virus inhibition depends on diversified approaches of drugs and different target for virus life cycle. This article describes the sustainable chemical preventive models understanding, requirements, technology adaptation and the implementation strategies in these pandemic-like situations. As the outbreak progresses, healthcare models focused on transmission control through disinfections and sanitization based on risk calculations. Identification of the most suitable target of drugs and regional control model of transmission are of high priority. In the early stages of an outbreak, availability of epidemiological information is important to encourage preventive measures efforts by public health authorities and provide robust evidence to guide interventions. Here, we have discussed the level of adaptations in technology that research professionals display toward their public health preventive models. We should compile a representative data set of adaptations that humans can consider for transmission control and adopt for viruses and their hosts. Overall, there are many aspects of the chemical science and technology in virus preventive measures. Herein, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the sustainable preventive model are presented. This kind of sustainable preventive model having adaptation and implementation with green chemistry system will reduce the shedding of the virus into the community by eco-friendly methods, and thus the risk of transmission and infection progression can be mitigated.

Role of functional food components in COVID-19 pandemic: A review

COVID-19 is highly contagious disease which is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its outbreak has affected millions of people with thousands of deaths worldwide. The nutrients in food have an important role in modulation of immune system, developing functional abilities and prevention of diseases along with maintaining our health, growth and development. The various components of functional foods are potentially beneficial components, found naturally in foods which help in prevention and reduction of risk factors for several diseases. These functional food components have immunomodulatory and antiviral properties which are of prime importance towards healthy immune system. The dietary supplementation of foods with functional food components like vitamins (A, B, C, and D), minerals (selenium, zinc, and iron) and phenolic compounds can act as treatment or preventive therapy for COVID-19 patients. The functional foods include foods fortified with above mentioned functional components along with the foods rich in these functional components like fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, etc. These various functional food components like vitamins or minerals can be used as adjuvant in COVID-19 infected patients. These adjuvants help in stimulation the immune system which increases the response towards a vaccine. without having any specific antigenic effect.

COVID-19 Disease in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Case Series

Purpose Lung transplant (LTx) recipients may be at increased risk for fulminant novel SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 infection due to their immunosuppressed state. Additional risk factors, outcomes, and optimal management of COVID-19 in LTx recipients is unknown. Methods We identified LTx recipients infected with COVID-19 by nasopharyngeal swab in our institution. Baseline demographics and clinical data were obtained through review of the electronic medical record (EMR) from 3/20/2020 to 10/25/2020. Results Ten LTx recipients were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. Disease course and management details are described in Table 1. Mean age was 57.5 ± 8 years, 50% were women (n = 5), and 70% self-identified as Latinx, 66% had a high school diploma or lower education. Medicare or Medicaid was the primary insurance in 60% (n = 6). Mean household size was 3.2 ± 1.5 persons. Forty percent (n = 4) had mild symptoms that progressed to fulminant hypoxemic respiratory failure at 9-10 days from symptom onset. Ninety percent (n = 9) required hospitalization with an average length of stay 14.8 ± 12. Sixty percent (n = 6) were treated in the intensive care unit (ICU), 40% (n = 4) requiring mechanical ventilation. COVID-19 specific therapies included remdesivir (80%, n = 8), dexamethasone (60%, n = 6), and convalescent plasma (50%, n = 5). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was reduced or held in 60% (n = 6) of recipients. One recipient who recovered later died in hospice care from other comorbidities. Conclusion Most LTx recipients infected with COVID-19 had severe complications, with a high proportion requiring ICU admission and mechanical ventilation. Though, mortality was relatively low. Adjustments to immunosuppression included reduction in MMF and steroid augmentation. Similar to the general US population, there is a disproportionate impact of COVID-19 infection in Latinx LTx recipients that may be related to social factors such as residing in multi-generational households.

COVID-19 And Lifestyle Challenges: A Rapid Review

The emergence of Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a massive impact on entire human population, causing a sudden change in their lifestyle, with social and economic consequences. Lockdown measures were implemented in several countries to limit the spread of this pandemic. However such restrictions and confine- ments could precipitate unintended negative consequences on lifestyle behaviors. We reviewed the data avail- able on the impact of this pandemic. The main objective of this review was to assess the effect of imposed lock- down on the changes in general population all across the globe. The data available todate indicates that the society has undergone changes during lockdown to mitigate the spread of infection and such changes have be- come part of the lives of people- hygiene and health consciousness, work from home, online teaching, digital shopping, changing internet habits are just a few to name. This pandemic may have both positive and detri- mental impact on the psychological health and various other aspects of lifestyle behaviors of people.

Study of studies related to epidemiology of COVID-19 and public health risk mitigation strategies: A review

The aim of this paper is to study some of widespread infectious epidemic diseases i.e. SARS, MERS and coronavirus which has been impacted global health and economy on vast scale. There are approximately 70,000 coronavirus cases from 2019 (COVID-19) are confirmed, of that over a pair of, 1000 patients are fatal and this disease turned out to be a serious threat to global health. The first approach of this paper is to have in-depth knowledge about the structure of coronavirus, its structural proteins i.e. S protein and their biological activities for the virus have been discussed. The second approach is to focus on different phases of epidemic and response interventions which are mandate to slow down the spread of any disease till its complete elimination this can help to accelerate further work on studies for managing future public health emergencies. Proper and cumulative planning at international/national/community levels and organized strategic preparation for prevention and control of such epidemic diseases is need of the prevailing global risk. © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.

Coronavirus Outbreak: Multi-Objective Prediction and Optimization

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the name given by World Health Organization (WHO) and the cause of this pandemic is severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic was started in China and later got spread throughout the world. As of now, it has affected around 213 countries, areas or territories and the world has eyes on it. This chapter provides the insight on mathematical perception about the coronavirus outbreak and is analyzed from prediction and optimization point of view. Constraints, objectives and measures are identified and their association and dependencies are analyzed from mathematical point of view. Four levels and weighting factors are used for the identified constraints. Presented mathematical formulation can evaluate the count of positive cases, mortality, recovery cases, transmission rate and prediction of peak time period. It is observed that the coronavirus outbreak is the constrained multi-objective prediction and optimization problem and also it is time variant. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.